Overview
Title
An Act To improve the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s weather research, support improvements in weather forecasting and prediction, expand commercial opportunities for the provision of weather data, and for other purposes.
ELI5 AI
The bill wants to help scientists predict the weather better by giving them more money and tools to study it, work with others, and keep people safe during storms. It also wants to use information from businesses to help, but it needs to be careful with spending and make sure everything is clear and fair.
Summary AI
H. R. 6093, titled the “Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023,” aims to enhance the United States' capabilities in weather research, forecasting, and prediction. The bill focuses on improving NOAA's weather research programs, developing innovative weather prediction tools, and fostering collaborations with the private sector and academic institutions. Additionally, it emphasizes communication improvements for hazardous weather events and sets forth directives for better data management practices. The act also allocates funding to support these initiatives and aims to expand the use of commercial weather data.
Published
Keywords AI
Sources
Bill Statistics
Size
Language
Complexity
AnalysisAI
The Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023 is a comprehensive legislative proposal designed to enhance the United States' weather prediction and data management capabilities. Without being overly technical, the bill outlines plans to improve weather research, support better forecasting, and expand opportunities for collecting commercial weather data. Key areas of focus include hurricane and tornado warnings, tsunami preparedness, and precipitation forecasting. The act establishes various initiatives that encourage collaboration with multiple stakeholders, including federal and state agencies, academic institutions, and private entities, to enhance meteorological services.
Significant Issues with the Bill
One major concern is the allocation of funds without clear justification for annual increases or performance measurements. Critics argue that budgetary allocations, like the $100 million annually authorized for commercial data acquisition, lack specified outcomes or criteria, potentially leading to financial inefficiencies. Sections 105 and 809 also face scrutiny for failing to demonstrate the relevance or necessity of increasing their respective appropriations each year.
Another issue is the vague language used throughout certain sections of the bill, which could lead to inconsistencies in execution. Terms such as "innovative observations" and "unnecessary duplication" lack clear definitions, creating uncertainty in their application. The complexity of technical language, especially when involving advanced computing technologies and collaborations, may obscure transparency and accessibility for the general public.
Concerns of favoritism or lack of transparency arise in the selection of partners for commercial weather data acquisition. Sections 302 and 303 specifically grant significant discretion to undersecretaries, which could favor certain entities over others without explicit guidelines for selection processes.
Broad Public Impact
The proposed improvements to weather forecasting are poised to significantly benefit the general public by providing more reliable and timely information upon which to base life-saving decisions during extreme weather events. The enhanced understanding and prediction capabilities may lead to fewer casualties from hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods, and improve overall community resilience to natural disasters.
However, the lack of rigorous accountability measures or spending controls in certain sections could result in inefficient use of public funds, compensating for potential benefits to other areas. Without transparent mechanisms to track progress or outcomes, taxpayers might bear the financial burden without clear evidence of return on investment.
Impact on Specific Stakeholders
Specific stakeholders, such as academic institutions, stand to benefit significantly from the bill, especially with funding for research and development initiatives. University partnerships present new opportunities for cutting-edge research in weather prediction technologies and methodologies. However, the broad discretion allowed in forming these partnerships could lead to concerns about fair access and selection.
The bill's emphasis on commercial data acquisition raises opportunities for private sector firms specializing in weather technology, offering them direct financial incentives and new markets. Yet, unclear procurement standards might affect the competitive landscape, potentially disadvantaging entities not selected or involved in pilot programs.
In sum, while the bill aims at substantial improvements in public safety and scientific advancement, ensuring clear accountability, transparent processes, and financial prudence will be essential to achieve the intended advancements without undue burden on taxpayers.
Financial Assessment
The bill, titled the “Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023,” includes numerous financial allocations aimed at enhancing weather research and forecasting capabilities in the United States. Below is an analysis of these financial references and their connection to the issues identified.
Summary of Financial Allocations
The bill earmarks substantial funds across various sections:
Section 102 and its duplicate reference in Section 110 authorize appropriations for the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. These include $155,000,000 for 2024, increasing annually to $161,294,000 by 2028. The breakdown for 2024 includes $90,000,000 for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes, $30,000,000 for the United States Weather Research Program, $20,000,000 for storm and radar research, and $15,000,000 for technology transfer initiatives.
Section 105 authorizes a consistent appropriation of $30,000,000 annually from 2024 to 2028 for the Tsunami Warning and Education Act, with specific percentages allocated to state-level activities and research programs.
Section 206 allocates up to $10,000,000 annually from 2024 to 2028 for aviation weather and data innovation programs.
Section 301 and 302 outline a significant funding of $100,000,000 per year from 2024 to 2028 for the Commercial Data Program, which will acquire weather and environmental data.
Section 503 allocates funding for the National Mesonet Program, starting at $50,000,000 in 2024 and increasing annually to $70,000,000 by 2028.
Section 505 provides $46,000,000 annually from 2024 to 2028 for the National Water Center.
Additionally, a few other sections include specific monetary authorizations, such as $1,000,000 for a study in Section 304 and funding to address harmful algal blooms.
Relation to Identified Issues
Several financial aspects of the bill connect directly to noted concerns:
Increases Without Justification: Sections like 102/110 and 809 show annual budget increases without clear justification or performance metrics, which may raise concerns about fiscal responsibility. Taxpayers might question the rationale for increasing appropriations without evidence of past spending effectiveness or outlined outcomes.
Potential Lack of Budget Controls: Sections 104, 205, and 501 outline programs without explicit budget limits or accountability measures, creating a risk of potential overspending. Ensuring accountability could prevent misuse of funds.
Undefined Terms Affecting Spending: Vague terms like "innovative observations," seen in Sections 104 and 303, might lead to inconsistencies and variations in fund utilization. Clear definitions could ensure that appropriations are spent as intended.
Large Undisclosed Allocations: Section 301 allocates $100,000,000 annually with minimal breakdown, prompting concerns about potential inefficiencies or mismanagement. More detailed criteria or justifications could improve financial oversight.
Unclear Stakeholder Responsibilities: Sections 206 and 210 do not clearly define roles and responsibilities, which could complicate financial implementation and lead to inefficient use of resources.
Unspecified Budget for NOAA Weather Radio: Section 405 mandates modernization efforts without defined financial scope, potentially leading to unforeseen expenses. Clearly outlined cost estimates would help in budget planning and control.
Ombudsman Authority: In Section 301, the extent of the Ombudsman’s authority to resolve issues related to commercial data provisions is unclear, potentially affecting financial negotiations and contracting efficiency.
Addressing these concerns with clearer guidelines, better-defined terms, and documented justifications for financial allocations could strengthen the bill’s ability to responsibly support its scientific and public safety goals.
Issues
The allocation increases annually without clear justification or performance metrics. This issue is significant for taxpayers and may affect perceptions of fiscal responsibility in sections 110, 105, and 809.
Several sections, such as 104, 205, and 501, do not specify clear budget limits or accountability measures, raising concerns about potential wasteful spending.
The definition of terms like 'innovative observations' and 'unnecessary duplication' are often vague or unclear in sections 104, 303, and 110, which could lead to inconsistencies in implementation.
Complicated language and technical jargon throughout the document, particularly in sections 109, 102, and 108, may limit transparency and accessibility for the general public.
There are potential risks for favoritism or lack of transparency in partner selection and contracting, especially concerning commercial weather data acquisition in sections 302 and 303.
Section 301 authorizes $100,000,000 annually without detailed breakdowns or clear criteria for how funds are allocated, which could lead to financial mismanagement or inefficiencies.
The roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, such as described in section 206 and section 210, are not clearly defined, which could lead to confusion and inefficiency.
Section 405 requires modernization of the NOAA Weather Radio without specifying a clear budget or cost estimates, raising concerns about unforeseen financial burdens.
The establishment or designation of an Ombudsman in section 301 does not clarify the extent of authority, which could lead to ineffective problem resolution with commercial data providers.
Sections
Sections are presented as they are annotated in the original legislative text. Any missing headers, numbers, or non-consecutive order is due to the original text.
1. Short title; table of contents Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
This act, known as the “Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023,” outlines various sections dedicated to improving weather research, forecasting, and communication for public safety and enhanced services, including updates to existing programs, satellite systems, and weather information for agriculture and water management. It covers advancements in commercial data usage, innovation in weather technology, and interagency collaborations to better predict severe weather and provide accurate information.
2. Definitions Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section explains that certain terms in the Act, like "weather data," have meanings specified in another law, the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017. It also updates the definition of "weather data" to include information for tracking and predicting weather, such as forecasts and observations.
101. Public safety priority Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section amends the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act to ensure that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) stays focused on delivering accurate and timely weather forecasts. It aims to protect lives and property and boost the economy by using flexible and mobile methods to share important weather information and support decision-making.
102. United States weather research and forecasting Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section authorizes specific amounts of money to be given to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research each year from 2024 to 2028 for various weather research programs, including laboratories, storm research, and technology initiatives. It specifies how the funds should be divided and notes that no extra funds are approved beyond what's listed.
Money References
- are authorized to be appropriated to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research to carry out this title the following: “(1) $155,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of which— “(A) $90,000,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $30,000,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,000,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,000,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- “(2) $156,550,000 for fiscal year 2025, of which— “(A) $90,900,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $30,300,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,200,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,150,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- “(3) $158,116,000 for fiscal year 2026, of which— “(A) $91,809,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $30,603,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,402,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,302,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title. “(4) $159,697,000 for fiscal year 2027, of which— “(A) $92,727,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $30,909,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,606,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,455,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- “(5) $161,294,000 for fiscal year 2028, of which— “(A) $93,654,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $31,218,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,812,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,609,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 8512(b)(4) of this title.
110. Authorization of appropriations Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section authorizes specific amounts of money to be allocated each year from 2024 to 2028 to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research for various initiatives, including weather laboratories, weather research programs, radar research, and a joint technology transfer initiative. It also stipulates that no additional funds beyond these specified amounts may be used to implement the title or its amendments.
Money References
- (a) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research to carry out this title the following: (1) $155,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of which— (A) $90,000,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,000,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,000,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,000,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- (2) $156,550,000 for fiscal year 2025, of which— (A) $90,900,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,300,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,200,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,150,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- (3) $158,116,000 for fiscal year 2026, of which— (A) $91,809,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,603,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,402,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,302,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- (4) $159,697,000 for fiscal year 2027, of which— (A) $92,727,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,909,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,606,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,455,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- (5) $161,294,000 for fiscal year 2028, of which— (A) $93,654,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $31,218,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,812,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,609,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 8512(b)(4) of this title.
103. Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section describes the amendments made to enhance the VORTEX program, which aims to improve tornado forecasting and warnings. It mandates collaboration among various sectors to incorporate new technologies and sciences, improve training, and update tornado rating systems to better predict and reduce the damage caused by tornadoes.
103. Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines a program led by the Under Secretary, in collaboration with the weather industry and academic partners, to improve tornado forecasts and warnings. It focuses on enhancing prediction accuracy, integrating innovative observation technologies, improving public communication, and evaluating the tornado rating system, along with submitting an annual budget proposal to Congress.
104. Hurricane forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program aims to enhance forecasting and warnings for hurricanes by collaborating with industry and academic partners. The program focuses on improving predictions of rapidly changing hurricane intensity, communicating about hurricane-related flooding, and using new technologies for observations, while also incorporating social sciences to help inform public responses and minimize loss of life and property.
104. Hurricane forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section establishes a program led by the Under Secretary to improve hurricane forecasts and warnings by working with weather experts and researchers. The program aims to increase the accuracy of predicting hurricanes to help prevent loss of life and property, using new technologies, social sciences, and improved communications for emergency responses.
105. Tsunami Warning and Education Act reauthorization Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendments to the Tsunami Warning and Education Act expand the act's focus to include research and improve the timeliness, accuracy, and efficacy of tsunami alerts. These changes involve collaborating with various agencies to enhance data management, updating warning systems, improving tsunami hazard maps, enhancing community preparedness efforts, and allocating funds for state-level activities and research.
Money References
- “There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this title $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028, of which— “(1) not less than 27 percent of the amount appropriated for each fiscal year shall be for activities conducted at the State level under the national tsunami hazard mitigation program under section 805; and “(2) not less than 8 percent of the amount appropriated shall be for the tsunami research program under section 806.”.
809. Authorization of appropriations Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
There is a plan to give $30 million each year from 2024 to 2028 to support various programs. At least 27% of this money will go to state-level activities for managing tsunami hazards, while at least 8% will be used for tsunami research.
Money References
- There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this title $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028, of which— (1) not less than 27 percent of the amount appropriated for each fiscal year shall be for activities conducted at the State level under the national tsunami hazard mitigation program under section 805; and (2) not less than 8 percent of the amount appropriated shall be for the tsunami research program under section 806. ---
106. Observing system planning Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The proposed amendments to the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 focus on improving the planning for observing systems by specifying the inclusion of both federal and private sector capabilities, evaluating their costs and schedules, and requiring a report to Congress about placing an operational satellite in orbit to enhance weather data collection.
107. Observing system simulation experiments Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendments to Section 107 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 update the language to compare data provision with both current and experimental commercial systems, remove specific references to satellite systems, and eliminate one subsection while renumbering another.
108. Computing resources prioritization Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section amends the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 to enhance computing resources for weather forecasting. It directs the Under Secretary to collaborate with the Secretary of Energy on initiatives using advanced computing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to improve weather predictions, with plans for research, development of new technologies, security measures, potential termination after five years, and multi-year contracts, along with a requirement to report on the initiative's effectiveness.
109. Earth prediction innovation center Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendment to the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 adds new requirements for the development of community weather research modeling systems and the establishment of a NOAA Data Lake. These systems must be accessible to the public, compatible with public computers, use innovative technologies, and allow for the integration of new improvements. The NOAA Data Lake will serve as a continuously updated resource of data used for weather prediction.
110. Satellite architecture planning Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendment to Section 301 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 outlines changes in the management of NOAA's satellite systems, emphasizing the importance of collaboration with various partners, focusing on developing data products that fulfill NOAA's mission, and maintaining long-term data archives. It also extends authority in a specific subsection from 2023 to 2030.
111. Improving uncrewed activities Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendment updates a section of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 to include uncrewed aircraft and marine systems as part of the commercial observing systems. These systems will be used to gather weather and ocean data, in partnership with the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations.
112. Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The text amends the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 to establish the Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services which will coordinate the efforts of various federal agencies to enhance the United States' leadership in meteorological services, streamline operations, and support research and development. The council will work with academia, state governments, emergency managers, and private entities to improve weather-related data management, foster partnerships, and ensure a skilled workforce, while also publishing annual reports detailing progress and challenges in these areas.
113. Ocean observations Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines a new pilot program where the government will work with research or commercial ships to collect data on ocean and atmospheric conditions. The program aims to enhance understanding of ocean systems, with a report due to Congress in five years and the program ending by September 30, 2029, or a year after the report is submitted.
114. Consolidation of reports Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines amendments to existing legislation related to weather research and forecasting. It revises the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 by updating sections about weather research planning and collaboration, requires annual briefings to governmental committees, and modifies or removes certain sections in the act to enhance the United States' leadership in weather prediction. Additionally, it makes changes to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Authorization Act of 1992 by removing or re-designating subsections.
105. Weather research and development planning Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section requires the Under Secretary, through certain NOAA officials, to develop a plan for weather research and forecasting within two years and update it twice a year. This plan should set goals, outline budget expectations, prioritize activities, and involve coordination with other agencies and partners to enhance weather prediction and community modeling in the United States.
115. National Landslide Preparedness Act reauthorization Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendments to the National Landslide Preparedness Act make several updates, including changing wording for clarity, adding the NASA Administrator to a list, extending certain deadlines to 2029, and incorporating new program references and procedures to enhance landslide preparedness and response.
116. Amendments to Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The text outlines various amendments to the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998, which aim to enhance research, monitoring, and response efforts regarding harmful algal blooms and hypoxia in marine and freshwater environments. It establishes roles for different federal agencies, updates definitions, and authorizes funding to prevent, control, and mitigate these environmental issues while improving data coordination and community support.
Money References
- ; (6) in paragraph (6), as so redesignated— (A) by striking “aquatic” and inserting “marine or freshwater”; and (B) by striking “resident” and inserting “marine or freshwater”; and (7) by inserting after paragraph (8), as so redesignated, the following new paragraph: “(9) SUBSISTENCE USE.—The term ‘subsistence use’ means the customary and traditional use of fish, wildlife, or other freshwater, coastal, or marine resources by any individual or community to meet personal or family needs, including essential economic, nutritional, or cultural applications.”. (h) Authorization of appropriations.—Section 610 of the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 (33 U.S.C. 4009) is amended— (1) in subsection (a), to read as follows: “(a) In general.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Under Secretary to carry out this title $27,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028.”; and (2) by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(c) Transfer authority.—The Under Secretary is authorized to make a direct non-expenditure transfer of funds authorized to be appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) to the head of any Federal department or agency, with the concurrence of such head, to carry out, as appropriate, relevant provisions of this title.”.
- (j) Harmful algal bloom or hypoxia event of significance.—Section 9(g) of the National Integrated Drought Information System Reauthorization Act of 2018 (33 U.S.C. 4010(g)) is amended— (1) in paragraph (1)— (A) in subparagraph (B), by adding at the end the following new sentence: “The appropriate Federal official may waive the non-Federal share requirements of this subsection if such official determines no reasonable means are available through which the recipient of the Federal share can meet the non-Federal share requirement.”; and (B) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: “(D) CONTRACT, GRANT, AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT AUTHORITY.—The Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere may enter into agreements and grants with States, Indian Tribes, local governments, or other entities to pay for or reimburse costs incurred for the purposes of supporting the determination of and assessing the environmental, economic, social, subsistence use, and public health effects of a harmful algal bloom or hypoxia event of significance.”; (2) in paragraph (2)(A), by inserting “, leadership official of an affected Indian Tribe, the executive official of the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States, including Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, and American Samoa, if affected” after “State”; and (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: “(4) FUNDING AUTHORITY.—To carry out this subsection, notwithstanding any other provision of law, there is authorized to be appropriated from the amounts made available to the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere $2,000,000, to remain available until expended.”. (k) Protect families from toxic algal blooms.—Section 128 of the Water Resources Development Act of 2020 (33 U.S.C. 610 note) is amended— (1) by redesignating subsection (e) as subsection (f); and (2) by inserting after subsection (d) the following new subsection: “(e) Harmful algal bloom technologies.—In carrying out the demonstration program under subsection (a), the Secretary may enter into agreements with water and irrigation districts located in the focus areas described in subsections (c) and (d) for the use or sale of any new technologies developed under the program to expedite the removal of harmful algal blooms in such areas.”. ---
603B. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration activities Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is tasked with addressing harmful algal blooms and hypoxia events by improving observation, forecasting, and data management systems; providing grants for related research and management; and working with other agencies and local resources. Monitoring and data collection efforts must adhere to standards set by the Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System Act.
603C. Environmental Protection Agency activities Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines responsibilities for the Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, which include conducting research on the effects of harmful algal blooms on ecology and health, developing systems to forecast and monitor these blooms, improving communication among federal agencies involved in this area, working with local universities, and using cost-effective methods.
606. National harmful algal bloom observing network Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary, through NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science and the Integrated Ocean Observing System, is tasked with creating a national network to monitor and predict harmful algal blooms by integrating various observing capabilities and new technologies like artificial intelligence. Additionally, the IOOS Program Office will work with NCCOS to coordinate data integration and set up a central hub for sharing information and supporting ecological forecasts.
611. National level incubator program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The National Level Incubator Program, established by the Under Secretary and research institutions, aims to develop new technologies to combat harmful algal blooms by funding promising ideas and creating a database for evaluating their practicality and impact. The program prioritizes activities that protect various ecosystems, public health, and communities, especially those that are traditionally underserved.
201. Weather innovation for the next generation Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines the establishment of a program by the Under Secretary to enhance weather radar capabilities by partnering with various entities and testing technologies to mitigate interference effects. It sets priorities for certain technology solutions, requires regular reporting to Congress, and the program is set to end by September 2029 or one year after a final recommendation is submitted.
202. Next generation radar Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary is tasked with creating a plan to upgrade the National Weather Service’s current radar system, aiming for completion by 2040. This plan involves consulting experts, testing new radar technologies, addressing radar coverage gaps, and reporting progress to Congress.
203. Data voids in highly vulnerable areas of the United States Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines a plan to improve weather observation and emergency information sharing in under-observed, underserved, or highly vulnerable areas in the United States. This includes increasing observations, developing new tools, enhancing forecasting and modeling, and supporting projects that integrate weather data into decision-making for infrastructure and emergency management.
204. Atmospheric rivers forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The bill requires the Under Secretary to work with weather experts and academics to create a program to improve forecasts and warnings for atmospheric rivers, aiming to save lives and reduce property damage. This involves developing better forecasting systems, enhancing scientific understanding, testing new observations and technologies, and annually submitting a budget to Congress for the program's activities.
205. Coastal flooding and storm surge forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines the establishment of a program to improve forecasts and warnings for coastal flooding and storm surges. The Under Secretary, working with various partners, will focus on enhancing prediction capabilities, integrating data from sensors, using innovative technologies, and developing a comprehensive plan to reduce the impact of such events on communities.
206. Aviation weather and data innovation Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines an aviation weather and data innovation program to improve forecasting for the airspace system. It includes activities such as acquiring weather data from commercial aircraft, analyzing data to enhance forecasts, ensuring the Aviation Weather Center's capabilities, and coordinating efforts with other agencies to address potential data gaps and develop better aviation weather technology.
Money References
- (d) Authorization of appropriations.—From amounts made available to the Commercial Data Program under section 302 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017, there is authorized to be appropriated up to $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out the program.
207. NESDIS joint venture partnership transition program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The NESDIS joint venture partnership transition program involves collaboration between the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service and NASA to support private sector and academic engagement in advancing satellite technology. The program aims to move promising projects from research to implementation, continuously monitor progress, and potentially incorporate successful demonstrations into operational satellite architectures, with an allocated budget of $20 million for 2024-2028.
Money References
- In selecting awardees for demonstrations, the Assistant Administrator shall consider technologies, missions, data systems, spacecraft, and instrument design that— (1) improve upon the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s satellite architecture; (2) have a direct impact on implementing the recommendations of the Administration’s 2018 Satellite Observing System Architecture Study, “Building a Plan for NOAA’s 21st Century Satellite Observing System”; and (3) meet current or future mission requirements. (c) Operational planning.—In carrying out the transition program under subsection (b), the Assistant Administrator of the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service shall monitor demonstration phase progress and plan for promising results that meet mission requirements to be transitioned into National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s operational satellite architecture. (d) Annual plan.—The Assistant Administrator of the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation an annual plan that outlines the progress made in the joint venture partnership program under subsection (a), the transition program for demonstrations under section (b), and transition to operational architecture planning under subsection (c). (e) Authorization of appropriations.—From amounts authorized to be appropriated to the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, there is authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000 for fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out to this section. ---
208. Advanced weather interactive processing system Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary, through the Director of the National Weather Service, must shift the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System to a cloud-based system by September 30, 2030. This change aims to enhance support services for emergency managers and includes training, data management, and using commercial cloud services, while ensuring continued innovation in forecasting and operational technology.
209. Reanalysis and reforecasting Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary is allowed to help with efforts to improve weather forecasts and predictions by supporting reanalysis and reforecasting activities at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This support may occur through the agency's hazardous weather testbed to enhance weather and climate data.
210. National Weather Service workforce Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines the responsibilities of the Director of the National Weather Service (NWS) to ensure efficient hiring and employee health assessments, designates service hydrologists at Weather Forecast Offices for improved flood response, and establishes collaboration with various agencies to enhance hydrology-related services and disaster preparedness. The section permits designating or assigning hydrology duties to other staff without increasing the NWS workforce.
301. Commercial Data Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Commercial Data Program section establishes a program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to buy weather and environmental data from private companies for operational use. The Under Secretary will manage the program, ensure data compatibility, coordinate with various NOAA programs, and maintain an Ombudsman role to address provider issues, with authorized funding of $100 million per year from 2024 to 2028.
Money References
- — “(1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out this section.
302. Commercial Data Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Commercial Data Program section establishes a program led by the Under Secretary, coordinating various offices within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, to acquire weather and environmental data from private companies for operational use. The section details the program’s goals, structure, standards, and funding, emphasizing collaboration with existing programs and setting up an Ombudsman to facilitate interactions between commercial data providers and NOAA.
Money References
- — (1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out this section.
302. Commercial Data Pilot Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Commercial Data Pilot Program is introduced to collaborate with private companies to test and improve data standards for weather services. It allows the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to evaluate private sector data, ensuring it meets necessary standards, and considers using these services if shown to be beneficial and cost-effective.
303. Commercial Data Pilot Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Commercial Data Pilot Program is created under the broader Commercial Data Program to collaborate with external partners to test and develop standards for observation services and data, ensuring their quality, impact, and compatibility with NOAA's systems. The Under Secretary is responsible for obtaining data through contracts with private companies, assessing the viability of integrating these data into NOAA's forecasts, and deciding whether commercially viable solutions could replace governmental systems in future NOAA satellite systems, with at least 15% of allocated annual funds reserved for this program.
303. Contracting authority and avoidance of duplication Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section amends a law to give the Under Secretary of Commerce the power to use contracts with private companies for multiyear options, partner with multiple data providers to improve data reliability, and avoid wasting resources by coordinating with other federal agencies and private companies. It also ensures fair payment when different government departments use these services.
304. Contracting authority and avoidance of duplication Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section authorizes the Under Secretary to use contract mechanisms for partnering with private sector entities and stresses avoiding duplication with other agencies. It mandates coordination to prevent overlapping efforts and ensures fair compensation for data services used by Federal agencies.
304. Data assimilation, management, and sharing practices Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The bill section establishes guidelines for managing and sharing weather data, emphasizing open standards and the use of cloud technology. It also involves collaborations with academic institutions and federal agencies to improve data practices through research and innovation, ensures secure and effective data handling, and mandates a study to enhance data management at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Money References
- In conducting the study, the outside entity shall— “(A) assess the costs and benefits of current data management needs for observational and operational mission requirements; “(B) develop recommendations regarding how to make more robust and cost-effective the data portfolio of the Administration; “(C) identify data infrastructure technologies and needs that are essential to the performance of modeling systems of the Administration; “(D) assess the sharing needs and practices of the Administration for both internal and external sharing dissemination; and “(E) develop recommendations for methods of data infrastructure sharing, including data purchased from the commercial sector. “(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—From amounts authorized to be appropriated to the Commercial Data Program under section 302, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the study under paragraph (1) $1,000,000, to remain available until expended.”.
305. Data assimilation, management, and sharing practices Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines strategies for improving data handling within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), focusing on establishing open data standards, partnering with other federal agencies, and enhancing data assimilation techniques. It proposes creating a consortium with universities to tackle data assimilation research challenges and mandates a study to assess NOAA's current data management practices, with funding allocated from related programs.
Money References
- (2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—From amounts authorized to be appropriated to the Commercial Data Program under section 302, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the study under paragraph (1) $1,000,000, to remain available until expended. ---
305. Clerical amendment Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The document updates the table of contents in a part of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 by replacing some listed items with new ones, specifically detailing sections about different commercial data programs and how data is handled and shared.
401. Definitions Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section provides definitions for several terms related to weather events and technology, including "hazardous weather or water events," "institution of higher education," "NOAA Weather Radio," "public cloud," and "watch; warning." Some definitions reference other legislation for their meaning.
402. Hazardous weather or water event risk communication Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section of the bill focuses on improving how the risks associated with hazardous weather or water events are communicated to the public. It requires the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to simplify and enhance these communications, develop better methods and terminology through a dedicated program, and coordinate efforts with various partners to ensure information is timely, clear, and consistent across different platforms.
406. Hazardous weather or water event risk communication Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
In this section, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is tasked with improving communication about dangerous weather or water conditions to help prevent loss of life or property. The plan includes simplifying terms, enhancing communication methods, creating metrics for evaluation, and coordinating with various partners to ensure timely and clear alerts for the public.
403. Hazard communication research and engagement Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The bill section establishes a program to improve how risk-based hazard information is communicated during hazardous weather events, like tornadoes and hurricanes. It includes research and pilot programs to test communication methods, addresses issues such as language barriers, and aims to understand how different groups respond to forecasts and warnings.
404. National Weather Service communications improvement Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Director of the National Weather Service is required to enhance its instant messaging service, replacing "NWSChat" with a commercial solution by October 1, 2027. This new service must be cloud-based, support future growth and more users, be user-friendly, and be similar to existing commercial systems, with up to $3 million available annually from 2024 to 2027 for this purpose.
Money References
- (b) Requirements.—The communications solution implemented under this section shall— (1) be hosted on the public cloud; and (2) satisfy requirements set forth by the Director to ensure such solution— (A) best accommodates future growth; (B) performs successfully with increased numbers of users; (C) is easy to use for the majority of users; and (D) is similar to systems already in commercial use. (c) Funding.—From amounts made available for Operations, Research, and Facilities, the Director of the National Weather Service shall allocate up to $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2027 to carry out this section.
405. NOAA Weather Radio modernization Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The text outlines efforts to modernize and expand the NOAA Weather Radio service. The Under Secretary is tasked with enhancing coverage, particularly in rural and underserved areas, ensuring reliable operations, upgrading technological infrastructure, and assessing access needs, all while prioritizing accessibility and continuity in case of service outages.
406. Post-storm surveys and assessments Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary is required to perform surveys and assessments after significant hazardous weather or water events to collect and share data. These actions aim to improve data collection methods, enhance community impact studies, include community-based sciences in assessments, and support the well-being of employees involved in these activities. Data from the surveys should be made publicly available, and certain federal information collection rules do not apply during these surveys.
407. Government Accountability Office report on alert dissemination for hazardous weather or water events Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Government Accountability Office is required to submit a report to Congress within 540 days that evaluates the technology used by the National Weather Service for issuing alerts about dangerous weather or water conditions. The report will cover aspects like the system's capabilities, issues with delays, potential collaborations to speed up notifications, and how these systems vary in effectiveness, especially in rural areas.
408. Data collection management and protection Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary is authorized to collect and manage social, behavioral, and economic data about how people respond to hazardous weather or water situations, while protecting this data according to legal guidelines. They must also create a system to ensure the data is secure, use digital watermarks to prevent unauthorized changes to online notifications, and establish guidelines for gathering and protecting data about community responses to such events.
501. Weather and climate information in agriculture and water management Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The bill amends the Food Security Act to establish at least two pilot projects aimed at improving weather forecasts for water management in the western U.S. and agriculture in the central U.S., with a focus on enhancing the accuracy of precipitation predictions. It allocates $45 million annually from 2024 to 2028 for these projects, which will be conducted in collaboration with educational institutions and existing NOAA entities, and the projects will end five years after they begin.
Money References
- “(4) SUNSET.—The authority under this subsection shall terminate on the date that is five years after the date of the enactment of this subsection.”; and (2) by amending subsection (j) to read as follows: “(j) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated $45,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out the activities under this section.”. ---
502. National Integrated Drought Information System Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section amends the National Integrated Drought Information System Act of 2006 to improve drought research and response by incorporating new technologies like artificial intelligence, enhancing data networks, providing integrated soil moisture information, and authorizing specific funding amounts for 2024 to 2028. It also aims to improve drought forecasts by updating modeling practices in collaboration with relevant agencies.
Money References
- (a) In general.—Section 3 of the National Integrated Drought Information System Act of 2006 (15 U.S.C. 313d) is amended— (1) in subsection (b)— (A) in paragraph (1)— (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking “and” after the semicolon; (ii) in subparagraph (B), by inserting “and” after the semicolon; and (iii) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: “(C) incorporates flash drought research and tools to enhance timely response;”; (B) in paragraph (5), by striking “and” after the semicolon; (C) in paragraph (6)— (i) by inserting “(including ecological drought)” after “drought” each place it appears; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs: “(7) advance and deploy next generation technologies related to drought and related publicly available data, such as monitoring, preparedness, and forecasting capabilities utilizing artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud technologies; and “(8) utilize observational networks, including the National Weather Service cooperative observer program and State or regional hydrological monitoring projects, and refine drought indicators across a variety of spatial and temporal scales for decision-support products by optimizing data and resources from across the Federal Government, including snowpack, soil moisture, groundwater, and rapid intensification data.”; (2) in subsection (c)— (A) in paragraph (2), by striking “and” after the semicolon; (B) in paragraph (3), by striking the period and inserting “; and”; and (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: “(4) in partnership with the National Mesonet Program, establish memoranda of understanding to provide coordinated, high-quality, nationwide drought information for the public good, including integrated soil moisture information in accordance with the 2021 report, ‘A Strategy for the National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network’.”; and (3) by amending subsection (f) to read as follows: “(f) Modeling update.—The Under Secretary, in partnership with National Integrated Drought Information System and the Climate Prediction Center of the National Weather Service, shall undertake an effort to transition existing drought products to probabilistic forecasts and incorporate new and improved dynamical and statistical forecast modeling tools.”. (b) Authorization of appropriations.—Section 4 of the National Integrated Drought Information System Act of 2006 (15 U.S.C. 313d note) is amended to read as follows: “SEC. 4. Authorization of appropriations. “From amounts made available to Operations, Research, and Facilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section the following: “(1) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2024. “(2) $15,500,000 for fiscal year 2025. “(3) $16,000,000 for fiscal year 2026. “(4) $16,500,000 for fiscal year 2027. “(5) $17,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.”. ---
4. Authorization of appropriations Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section authorizes specific amounts of money to be set aside each year from 2024 to 2028 for the operations, research, and facilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The appropriations start at $15 million in 2024 and increase by $500,000 each year, reaching $17 million in 2028.
Money References
- From amounts made available to Operations, Research, and Facilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section the following: (1) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2024. (2) $15,500,000 for fiscal year 2025. (3) $16,000,000 for fiscal year 2026. (4) $16,500,000 for fiscal year 2027. (5) $17,000,000 for fiscal year 2028. ---
503. National Mesonet Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The National Mesonet Program, overseen by the Under Secretary, aims to enhance weather prediction and safety by integrating environmental data from various sources, including commercial, academic, and non-Federal networks. The program will improve environmental observations, prioritize financial assistance to diverse entities, and maintain an advisory committee for expert guidance on expanding and improving data collection, with annual funding increasing from $50 million in 2024 to $70 million by 2028.
Money References
- Such briefings shall include information relating to the following: (1) Efforts to implement the activities described in subsection (b). (2) Any financial or technical assistance provided pursuant to subsection (c). (3) Efforts to address recommendations received from the advisory committee under subsection (d). (4) The potential need and associated benefits of a coastal and ocean mesonet, or other emerging areas of weather data needs. (5) Progress toward eliminating gaps in weather observation data by States and regions of the United States. (6) Any other topic the Under Secretary determines relevant. (f) Authorization of appropriations.—From amounts made available to the National Weather Service, the Under Secretary, to carry out this section, shall allocate up to the following amounts for each specified fiscal year: (1) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2024. (2) $55,000,000 for fiscal year 2025. (3) $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026. (4) $68,000,000 for fiscal year 2027. (5) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2028. ---
504. National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines the responsibilities of the Under Secretary to manage the National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network with various federal agencies. It details efforts such as creating a user-friendly website, establishing data quality standards, expanding monitoring stations, supporting research, collaborating with private and citizen science sectors, and developing new soil moisture data products.
505. National water center Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendment to Section 301 of the Coordinated Ocean Observations and Research Act of 2020 involves integrating the National Water Center with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction to enhance services for River Forecast Centers and coordinate water research with various federal agencies. Additionally, it allocates $46 million annually from 2024 to 2028 for these activities.
Money References
- Section 301 of the Coordinated Ocean Observations and Research Act of 2020 (42 U.S.C. 10371) is amended— (1) in subsection (a)— (A) in paragraph (1)(A)— (i) in the matter preceding clause (i), by inserting “as a component of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction” after “center”; (ii) in clause (i), by striking “and” after the semicolon; (iii) in clause (ii), by striking the period and inserting “; and”; and (iv) by adding at the end the following new clause: “(iii) to provide service backup capabilities and additional mission support services for River Forecast Centers.”; and (B) in paragraph (2), by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: “(F) Serving as the primary Center for collaboration and coordination of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s water research and operational activities with existing Federal centers and networks, including the Department of Agriculture, the Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the United States Geological Survey, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.”; (2) by striking subsection (b) and redesignating subsections (c) through (e) as subsections (b) through (d) respectively; and (3) by amending subsection (c), as so redesignated, to read as follows: “(c) Authorization of appropriations.—There is authorized to be appropriated $46,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out this section.”. ---
506. Satellite transfers report Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Secretary of Commerce must submit a report within 180 days of this Act's enactment, detailing the authorities and policies around transferring weather satellite systems to other federal agencies. This report should explain the process for decommissioning satellites, any existing or planned agreements for transferring satellite systems, and any plans for future transfers.
507. Precipitation forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Precipitation Forecast Improvement Program aims to enhance the accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of predicting precipitation events by developing advanced models and integrating innovative observational data. The program involves collaboration between government agencies, the weather industry, and academia, with goals that include improving understanding of extreme weather, advancing operational forecast systems, and supporting public safety through effective communication and decision support tools.
603. Precipitation forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section describes a program aimed at improving precipitation forecasts by the Under Secretary, in collaboration with various partners. The program's goal is to enhance the accuracy and reliability of precipitation predictions to reduce risks associated with extreme weather, with efforts focused on understanding weather systems, integrating new technologies, researching physical and social sciences, and improving the resources and tools available for weather forecasting.