Overview
Title
An Act To improve the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s weather research, support improvements in weather forecasting and prediction, expand commercial opportunities for the provision of weather data, and for other purposes.
ELI5 AI
This bill is like giving more tools and money to the people who predict the weather so they can tell everyone about storms and rain better, and they're also asking some companies to help them with special weather data.
Summary AI
H. R. 6093, titled the "Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023," aims to improve weather research and forecasting in the United States through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The bill focuses on enhancing weather prediction and forecasting, supporting atmospheric research, and expanding opportunities for obtaining and utilizing weather data from both government and commercial sources. Additionally, it promotes better communication of hazardous weather events to the public, advances understanding of weather impacts on agriculture and water management, and seeks to improve the infrastructure for weather data collection and analysis.
Published
Keywords AI
Sources
Bill Statistics
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Language
Complexity
AnalysisAI
The proposed legislation titled "An Act To improve the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s weather research, support improvements in weather forecasting and prediction, expand commercial opportunities for the provision of weather data, and for other purposes" seeks to address a wide array of objectives to enhance the U.S.'s ability to predict and mitigate weather and environmental hazards. This bill outlines an extensive plan for funding and structuring advances in weather research and the integration of commercial data into federal systems, with wide-reaching ramifications aimed at public safety, scientific progress, and industry development.
General Summary
The bill sets forth several initiatives under the umbrella of improving the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s forecasting capabilities. It earmarks substantial funds— in particular, $100 million per year for the Commercial Data Program—to be utilized for acquiring weather data from private companies. The goal is to leverage advancements in technology, such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing, for better disaster preparedness and infrastructure management. The bill incentivizes collaboration with academic and private sectors, focusing on a diverse range of weather phenomena, including hurricanes, tornadoes, and flood forecasting. Importantly, it also emphasizes data management and coordination among federal agencies to ensure streamlined weather prediction processes.
Summary of Significant Issues
Among notable concerns is the allocation of significant funding without a detailed breakdown of how these funds will be specifically used, which raises potential for inefficient or wasteful spending. While aiming to partner with commercial providers for data acquisition, some sections lack clear criteria for selecting these partnerships, presenting risks of favoritism. Additional budget increases are implied through several sections without explicit justification or clarity regarding management strategies, increasing fiscal management concerns. Moreover, the inherent complexity and technical language in parts of the bill might obscure understanding and impede transparency, complicating oversight.
Impact on the Public
The proposed enhancements to NOAA’s weather forecasting abilities aim to protect communities by offering more accurate predictions and timely warnings. By integrating commercial and innovative technologies, there is potential for a significant upgrade in the quality of weather services accessible to the public. This can lead to better-prepared communities, potentially reducing human and economic costs associated with severe weather events.
Impact on Specific Stakeholders
For scientific and academic institutions, the legislation presents opportunities due to its emphasis on collaborative research, potentially securing funding and fostering educational advancements in meteorological sciences. For commercial weather data providers, the act signifies increased opportunities to partner with the federal government, encouraging innovation within the industry. However, governmental agencies involved in implementing these new frameworks may face logistical challenges due to interagency coordination requirements and stringent data management standards. Critics may argue about potential loopholes for the unintentional favoring of certain private companies, highlighting the need for enhanced transparency and oversight mechanisms to address these concerns.
Overall, while the bill's intentions are positive and potentially transformative for weather forecasting and public safety, careful attention to implementation details and accountability will be vital to ensuring that the broad objectives do not result in financial waste or inefficiencies.
Financial Assessment
The bill, H. R. 6093, called the "Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023," outlines significant financial commitments to enhance weather prediction and research capabilities in the United States, primarily through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The bill includes various sections detailing specific financial allocations aimed at advancing various weather-related initiatives. This analysis focuses on the monetary aspects of the bill, especially those raising potential concerns as identified in the issues list.
Financial Allocations and Spending
The bill authorizes a series of substantial appropriations across several of its sections:
United States Weather Research and Forecasting: The bill authorizes escalating financial appropriations over five years, beginning with $155 million in FY 2024 and reaching $161.3 million by FY 2028. These funds target various activities, including weather laboratories and radar research. However, the increase each year needs more clarity in terms of scope or necessity, which could raise concerns about fiscal management.
Tsunami Warning and Education: An appropriation of $30 million annually from FY 2024 to FY 2028 is designated to enhance tsunami warning systems, with mandates on the percentage earmarked for state-level activities.
Commercial Data Program: This program is authorized a budget of $100 million annually over five years. Given its substantial size, these funds are meant for engaging and acquiring weather and environmental data and services from commercial entities. However, issues arise in that no detailed breakdown on allocations within this program is provided, risking unclear operational transparency and potential wasteful expenditure.
National Mesonet Program: The bill also proposes increasing allocations for environmental observation networks, starting at $50 million in FY 2024 and reaching $70 million by FY 2028. Similar to other sections, the funding increases annually, which requires justification to assure effective fiscal spending.
Pilot Programs and Studies: Smaller yet significant financial allocations are directed towards pilot programs such as the Commercial Data Pilot Program and the National Integrated Drought Information System, which receive substantial annual funds but risk inefficient use without explicitly clear objectives or accountability frameworks.
Issues Related to Financial Allocations
Lack of Detail and Oversight: The large, lump-sum appropriations, especially the $100 million per-year for the Commercial Data Program, may lead to inefficient use without stringent oversight and transparent reporting mechanisms. The challenges lie in insufficient breakdowns or justifications for the noted increases in funds over successive years.
Potential Favoritism in Contracts: There's a risk noted in Sections 301 and 303, where the process for selecting commercial partners or contractors is not clearly defined. Without explicit competitive bidding processes, there's a concern over potential favoritism leading to inequitable distribution of contracts or benefits to specific entities.
Interagency Coordination Challenges: The bill mandates heavy reliance on interagency collaboration across various programs, which, without streamlined and efficient management, might introduce redundancy or administrative bottlenecks that could inflate costs unnecessarily.
Flexibility for Unforeseen Needs: While the bill sets boundaries by ensuring no funds beyond what is specified will be allocated, this rigidity might limit the ability to address unforeseen circumstances where additional appropriations might be necessary.
Complex Data Management: The financial investments into data assimilation and management, particularly involving complex technological domains (e.g., artificial intelligence, cloud computing), demand rigorous planning and skilled leadership to avoid inefficiencies or redundancies, pointing to a need for improved clarity and direction.
In summary, while H. R. 6093 outlines substantial financial commitments towards advancing weather forecasting and research, it brings notable concerns about oversight, allocation clarity, and effective interagency collaboration. Addressing these will be crucial to ensuring that the financial appropriations meet their intended goals efficiently and transparently.
Issues
The allocation of $100,000,000 annually for five fiscal years in the Commercial Data Program (Section 301) is significant, yet the bill lacks a detailed breakdown of fund allocation, which could lead to potential wasteful spending without proper oversight.
The bill's emphasis on acquiring commercial weather and environmental data might favor specific commercial data providers without establishing clear criteria for selection or competitive bidding processes (Sections 301, 303).
Several sections authorize or imply significant budgetary increases annually (e.g., Section 110 for appropriations and Section 503 for the National Mesonet Program) without providing clear explanations or justifications, raising concerns about fiscal management and necessity.
The language specifying collaboration and partnerships with private sector entities (e.g., in Sections 108, 111, and 207) lacks clear guidelines about selection processes, raising concerns about potential favoritism or lack of transparency.
The directive that no additional funds are authorized beyond those specified (Section 102), while providing boundaries, raises questions about flexibility needed to adapt to unforeseen circumstances or developments.
Sections involving contracts and partnerships with private entities, such as Section 304 on contracting authority and Section 303 on data pilot programs, pose risks of inefficiency if not carefully regulated, especially without clear mechanisms to ensure transparency and prevent favoritism.
The complexity and breadth of data acquisition initiatives make oversight challenging (Sections 301 and 305), increasing the risk of inefficiencies, duplications, or potential mismanagement.
The bill mandates numerous interagency collaborations, which could result in redundancy and inefficiency. For instance, Section 112 involves extensive coordination efforts that could complicate implementation if not properly streamlined.
The technical language in the bill, notably regarding artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and cloud computing (e.g., in Sections 108 and 109), may obscure understanding for stakeholders and the general public, potentially hindering accountability and transparency.
Sections
Sections are presented as they are annotated in the original legislative text. Any missing headers, numbers, or non-consecutive order is due to the original text.
1. Short title; table of contents Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The “Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023” outlines plans to enhance weather forecasting and research through reauthorizing previous acts, improving safety and data systems, and involving both federal and commercial efforts. It includes updates on forecasting programs for hurricanes, tornadoes, and other severe weather, as well as innovations in radar and communication systems to better inform the public and manage agricultural and water resources.
2. Definitions Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section explains that certain terms in the Act, like "weather data," have meanings specified in another law, the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017. It also updates the definition of "weather data" to include information for tracking and predicting weather, such as forecasts and observations.
101. Public safety priority Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section amends the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act to ensure that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) stays focused on delivering accurate and timely weather forecasts. It aims to protect lives and property and boost the economy by using flexible and mobile methods to share important weather information and support decision-making.
102. United States weather research and forecasting Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section authorizes specific amounts of money to be given to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research each year from 2024 to 2028 for various weather research programs, including laboratories, storm research, and technology initiatives. It specifies how the funds should be divided and notes that no extra funds are approved beyond what's listed.
Money References
- are authorized to be appropriated to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research to carry out this title the following: “(1) $155,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of which— “(A) $90,000,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $30,000,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,000,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,000,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- “(2) $156,550,000 for fiscal year 2025, of which— “(A) $90,900,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $30,300,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,200,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,150,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- “(3) $158,116,000 for fiscal year 2026, of which— “(A) $91,809,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $30,603,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,402,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,302,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title. “(4) $159,697,000 for fiscal year 2027, of which— “(A) $92,727,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $30,909,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,606,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,455,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- “(5) $161,294,000 for fiscal year 2028, of which— “(A) $93,654,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; “(B) $31,218,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; “(C) $20,812,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and “(D) $15,609,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 8512(b)(4) of this title.
110. Authorization of appropriations Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section authorizes specific amounts of money to be allocated each year from 2024 to 2028 to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research for various initiatives, including weather laboratories, weather research programs, radar research, and a joint technology transfer initiative. It also stipulates that no additional funds beyond these specified amounts may be used to implement the title or its amendments.
Money References
- (a) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research to carry out this title the following: (1) $155,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of which— (A) $90,000,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,000,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,000,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,000,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- (2) $156,550,000 for fiscal year 2025, of which— (A) $90,900,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,300,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,200,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,150,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- (3) $158,116,000 for fiscal year 2026, of which— (A) $91,809,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,603,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,402,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,302,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- (4) $159,697,000 for fiscal year 2027, of which— (A) $92,727,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,909,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,606,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,455,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.
- (5) $161,294,000 for fiscal year 2028, of which— (A) $93,654,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $31,218,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,812,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,609,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 8512(b)(4) of this title.
103. Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section describes the amendments made to enhance the VORTEX program, which aims to improve tornado forecasting and warnings. It mandates collaboration among various sectors to incorporate new technologies and sciences, improve training, and update tornado rating systems to better predict and reduce the damage caused by tornadoes.
103. Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines a program led by the Under Secretary, in collaboration with the weather industry and academic partners, to improve tornado forecasts and warnings. It focuses on enhancing prediction accuracy, integrating innovative observation technologies, improving public communication, and evaluating the tornado rating system, along with submitting an annual budget proposal to Congress.
104. Hurricane forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program aims to enhance forecasting and warnings for hurricanes by collaborating with industry and academic partners. The program focuses on improving predictions of rapidly changing hurricane intensity, communicating about hurricane-related flooding, and using new technologies for observations, while also incorporating social sciences to help inform public responses and minimize loss of life and property.
104. Hurricane forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section establishes a program led by the Under Secretary to improve hurricane forecasts and warnings by working with weather experts and researchers. The program aims to increase the accuracy of predicting hurricanes to help prevent loss of life and property, using new technologies, social sciences, and improved communications for emergency responses.
105. Tsunami Warning and Education Act reauthorization Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendments to the Tsunami Warning and Education Act expand the act's focus to include research and improve the timeliness, accuracy, and efficacy of tsunami alerts. These changes involve collaborating with various agencies to enhance data management, updating warning systems, improving tsunami hazard maps, enhancing community preparedness efforts, and allocating funds for state-level activities and research.
Money References
- “There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this title $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028, of which— “(1) not less than 27 percent of the amount appropriated for each fiscal year shall be for activities conducted at the State level under the national tsunami hazard mitigation program under section 805; and “(2) not less than 8 percent of the amount appropriated shall be for the tsunami research program under section 806.”.
809. Authorization of appropriations Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
There is a plan to give $30 million each year from 2024 to 2028 to support various programs. At least 27% of this money will go to state-level activities for managing tsunami hazards, while at least 8% will be used for tsunami research.
Money References
- There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this title $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028, of which— (1) not less than 27 percent of the amount appropriated for each fiscal year shall be for activities conducted at the State level under the national tsunami hazard mitigation program under section 805; and (2) not less than 8 percent of the amount appropriated shall be for the tsunami research program under section 806. ---
106. Observing system planning Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The proposed amendments to the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 focus on improving the planning for observing systems by specifying the inclusion of both federal and private sector capabilities, evaluating their costs and schedules, and requiring a report to Congress about placing an operational satellite in orbit to enhance weather data collection.
107. Observing system simulation experiments Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendments to Section 107 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 update the language to compare data provision with both current and experimental commercial systems, remove specific references to satellite systems, and eliminate one subsection while renumbering another.
108. Computing resources prioritization Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section amends the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 to enhance computing resources for weather forecasting. It directs the Under Secretary to collaborate with the Secretary of Energy on initiatives using advanced computing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to improve weather predictions, with plans for research, development of new technologies, security measures, potential termination after five years, and multi-year contracts, along with a requirement to report on the initiative's effectiveness.
109. Earth prediction innovation center Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendment to the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 adds new requirements for the development of community weather research modeling systems and the establishment of a NOAA Data Lake. These systems must be accessible to the public, compatible with public computers, use innovative technologies, and allow for the integration of new improvements. The NOAA Data Lake will serve as a continuously updated resource of data used for weather prediction.
110. Satellite architecture planning Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendment to Section 301 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 outlines changes in the management of NOAA's satellite systems, emphasizing the importance of collaboration with various partners, focusing on developing data products that fulfill NOAA's mission, and maintaining long-term data archives. It also extends authority in a specific subsection from 2023 to 2030.
111. Improving uncrewed activities Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendment updates a section of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 to include uncrewed aircraft and marine systems as part of the commercial observing systems. These systems will be used to gather weather and ocean data, in partnership with the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations.
112. Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The text amends the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 to establish the Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services which will coordinate the efforts of various federal agencies to enhance the United States' leadership in meteorological services, streamline operations, and support research and development. The council will work with academia, state governments, emergency managers, and private entities to improve weather-related data management, foster partnerships, and ensure a skilled workforce, while also publishing annual reports detailing progress and challenges in these areas.
113. Ocean observations Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines a new pilot program where the government will work with research or commercial ships to collect data on ocean and atmospheric conditions. The program aims to enhance understanding of ocean systems, with a report due to Congress in five years and the program ending by September 30, 2029, or a year after the report is submitted.
114. Consolidation of reports Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines amendments to existing legislation related to weather research and forecasting. It revises the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 by updating sections about weather research planning and collaboration, requires annual briefings to governmental committees, and modifies or removes certain sections in the act to enhance the United States' leadership in weather prediction. Additionally, it makes changes to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Authorization Act of 1992 by removing or re-designating subsections.
105. Weather research and development planning Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section requires the Under Secretary, through certain NOAA officials, to develop a plan for weather research and forecasting within two years and update it twice a year. This plan should set goals, outline budget expectations, prioritize activities, and involve coordination with other agencies and partners to enhance weather prediction and community modeling in the United States.
115. National Landslide Preparedness Act reauthorization Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendments to the National Landslide Preparedness Act make several updates, including changing wording for clarity, adding the NASA Administrator to a list, extending certain deadlines to 2029, and incorporating new program references and procedures to enhance landslide preparedness and response.
116. Amendments to Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The text outlines various amendments to the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998, which aim to enhance research, monitoring, and response efforts regarding harmful algal blooms and hypoxia in marine and freshwater environments. It establishes roles for different federal agencies, updates definitions, and authorizes funding to prevent, control, and mitigate these environmental issues while improving data coordination and community support.
Money References
- ; (6) in paragraph (6), as so redesignated— (A) by striking “aquatic” and inserting “marine or freshwater”; and (B) by striking “resident” and inserting “marine or freshwater”; and (7) by inserting after paragraph (8), as so redesignated, the following new paragraph: “(9) SUBSISTENCE USE.—The term ‘subsistence use’ means the customary and traditional use of fish, wildlife, or other freshwater, coastal, or marine resources by any individual or community to meet personal or family needs, including essential economic, nutritional, or cultural applications.”. (h) Authorization of appropriations.—Section 610 of the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 (33 U.S.C. 4009) is amended— (1) in subsection (a), to read as follows: “(a) In general.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Under Secretary to carry out this title $27,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028.”; and (2) by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(c) Transfer authority.—The Under Secretary is authorized to make a direct non-expenditure transfer of funds authorized to be appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) to the head of any Federal department or agency, with the concurrence of such head, to carry out, as appropriate, relevant provisions of this title.”.
- (j) Harmful algal bloom or hypoxia event of significance.—Section 9(g) of the National Integrated Drought Information System Reauthorization Act of 2018 (33 U.S.C. 4010(g)) is amended— (1) in paragraph (1)— (A) in subparagraph (B), by adding at the end the following new sentence: “The appropriate Federal official may waive the non-Federal share requirements of this subsection if such official determines no reasonable means are available through which the recipient of the Federal share can meet the non-Federal share requirement.”; and (B) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: “(D) CONTRACT, GRANT, AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT AUTHORITY.—The Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere may enter into agreements and grants with States, Indian Tribes, local governments, or other entities to pay for or reimburse costs incurred for the purposes of supporting the determination of and assessing the environmental, economic, social, subsistence use, and public health effects of a harmful algal bloom or hypoxia event of significance.”; (2) in paragraph (2)(A), by inserting “, leadership official of an affected Indian Tribe, the executive official of the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States, including Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, and American Samoa, if affected” after “State”; and (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: “(4) FUNDING AUTHORITY.—To carry out this subsection, notwithstanding any other provision of law, there is authorized to be appropriated from the amounts made available to the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere $2,000,000, to remain available until expended.”. (k) Protect families from toxic algal blooms.—Section 128 of the Water Resources Development Act of 2020 (33 U.S.C. 610 note) is amended— (1) by redesignating subsection (e) as subsection (f); and (2) by inserting after subsection (d) the following new subsection: “(e) Harmful algal bloom technologies.—In carrying out the demonstration program under subsection (a), the Secretary may enter into agreements with water and irrigation districts located in the focus areas described in subsections (c) and (d) for the use or sale of any new technologies developed under the program to expedite the removal of harmful algal blooms in such areas.”. ---
603B. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration activities Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is tasked with addressing harmful algal blooms and hypoxia events by improving observation, forecasting, and data management systems; providing grants for related research and management; and working with other agencies and local resources. Monitoring and data collection efforts must adhere to standards set by the Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System Act.
603C. Environmental Protection Agency activities Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines responsibilities for the Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, which include conducting research on the effects of harmful algal blooms on ecology and health, developing systems to forecast and monitor these blooms, improving communication among federal agencies involved in this area, working with local universities, and using cost-effective methods.
606. National harmful algal bloom observing network Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary, through NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science and the Integrated Ocean Observing System, is tasked with creating a national network to monitor and predict harmful algal blooms by integrating various observing capabilities and new technologies like artificial intelligence. Additionally, the IOOS Program Office will work with NCCOS to coordinate data integration and set up a central hub for sharing information and supporting ecological forecasts.
611. National level incubator program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The National Level Incubator Program, established by the Under Secretary and research institutions, aims to develop new technologies to combat harmful algal blooms by funding promising ideas and creating a database for evaluating their practicality and impact. The program prioritizes activities that protect various ecosystems, public health, and communities, especially those that are traditionally underserved.
201. Weather innovation for the next generation Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines the establishment of a program by the Under Secretary to enhance weather radar capabilities by partnering with various entities and testing technologies to mitigate interference effects. It sets priorities for certain technology solutions, requires regular reporting to Congress, and the program is set to end by September 2029 or one year after a final recommendation is submitted.
202. Next generation radar Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary is tasked with creating a plan to upgrade the National Weather Service’s current radar system, aiming for completion by 2040. This plan involves consulting experts, testing new radar technologies, addressing radar coverage gaps, and reporting progress to Congress.
203. Data voids in highly vulnerable areas of the United States Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines a plan to improve weather observation and emergency information sharing in under-observed, underserved, or highly vulnerable areas in the United States. This includes increasing observations, developing new tools, enhancing forecasting and modeling, and supporting projects that integrate weather data into decision-making for infrastructure and emergency management.
204. Atmospheric rivers forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The bill requires the Under Secretary to work with weather experts and academics to create a program to improve forecasts and warnings for atmospheric rivers, aiming to save lives and reduce property damage. This involves developing better forecasting systems, enhancing scientific understanding, testing new observations and technologies, and annually submitting a budget to Congress for the program's activities.
205. Coastal flooding and storm surge forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines the establishment of a program to improve forecasts and warnings for coastal flooding and storm surges. The Under Secretary, working with various partners, will focus on enhancing prediction capabilities, integrating data from sensors, using innovative technologies, and developing a comprehensive plan to reduce the impact of such events on communities.
206. Aviation weather and data innovation Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines an aviation weather and data innovation program to improve forecasting for the airspace system. It includes activities such as acquiring weather data from commercial aircraft, analyzing data to enhance forecasts, ensuring the Aviation Weather Center's capabilities, and coordinating efforts with other agencies to address potential data gaps and develop better aviation weather technology.
Money References
- (d) Authorization of appropriations.—From amounts made available to the Commercial Data Program under section 302 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017, there is authorized to be appropriated up to $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out the program.
207. NESDIS joint venture partnership transition program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The NESDIS joint venture partnership transition program involves collaboration between the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service and NASA to support private sector and academic engagement in advancing satellite technology. The program aims to move promising projects from research to implementation, continuously monitor progress, and potentially incorporate successful demonstrations into operational satellite architectures, with an allocated budget of $20 million for 2024-2028.
Money References
- In selecting awardees for demonstrations, the Assistant Administrator shall consider technologies, missions, data systems, spacecraft, and instrument design that— (1) improve upon the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s satellite architecture; (2) have a direct impact on implementing the recommendations of the Administration’s 2018 Satellite Observing System Architecture Study, “Building a Plan for NOAA’s 21st Century Satellite Observing System”; and (3) meet current or future mission requirements. (c) Operational planning.—In carrying out the transition program under subsection (b), the Assistant Administrator of the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service shall monitor demonstration phase progress and plan for promising results that meet mission requirements to be transitioned into National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s operational satellite architecture. (d) Annual plan.—The Assistant Administrator of the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation an annual plan that outlines the progress made in the joint venture partnership program under subsection (a), the transition program for demonstrations under section (b), and transition to operational architecture planning under subsection (c). (e) Authorization of appropriations.—From amounts authorized to be appropriated to the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, there is authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000 for fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out to this section. ---
208. Advanced weather interactive processing system Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary, through the Director of the National Weather Service, must shift the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System to a cloud-based system by September 30, 2030. This change aims to enhance support services for emergency managers and includes training, data management, and using commercial cloud services, while ensuring continued innovation in forecasting and operational technology.
209. Reanalysis and reforecasting Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary is allowed to help with efforts to improve weather forecasts and predictions by supporting reanalysis and reforecasting activities at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This support may occur through the agency's hazardous weather testbed to enhance weather and climate data.
210. National Weather Service workforce Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines the responsibilities of the Director of the National Weather Service (NWS) to ensure efficient hiring and employee health assessments, designates service hydrologists at Weather Forecast Offices for improved flood response, and establishes collaboration with various agencies to enhance hydrology-related services and disaster preparedness. The section permits designating or assigning hydrology duties to other staff without increasing the NWS workforce.
301. Commercial Data Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Commercial Data Program section establishes a program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to buy weather and environmental data from private companies for operational use. The Under Secretary will manage the program, ensure data compatibility, coordinate with various NOAA programs, and maintain an Ombudsman role to address provider issues, with authorized funding of $100 million per year from 2024 to 2028.
Money References
- — “(1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out this section.
302. Commercial Data Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Commercial Data Program section establishes a program led by the Under Secretary, coordinating various offices within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, to acquire weather and environmental data from private companies for operational use. The section details the program’s goals, structure, standards, and funding, emphasizing collaboration with existing programs and setting up an Ombudsman to facilitate interactions between commercial data providers and NOAA.
Money References
- — (1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out this section.
302. Commercial Data Pilot Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Commercial Data Pilot Program is introduced to collaborate with private companies to test and improve data standards for weather services. It allows the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to evaluate private sector data, ensuring it meets necessary standards, and considers using these services if shown to be beneficial and cost-effective.
303. Commercial Data Pilot Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Commercial Data Pilot Program is created under the broader Commercial Data Program to collaborate with external partners to test and develop standards for observation services and data, ensuring their quality, impact, and compatibility with NOAA's systems. The Under Secretary is responsible for obtaining data through contracts with private companies, assessing the viability of integrating these data into NOAA's forecasts, and deciding whether commercially viable solutions could replace governmental systems in future NOAA satellite systems, with at least 15% of allocated annual funds reserved for this program.
303. Contracting authority and avoidance of duplication Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section amends a law to give the Under Secretary of Commerce the power to use contracts with private companies for multiyear options, partner with multiple data providers to improve data reliability, and avoid wasting resources by coordinating with other federal agencies and private companies. It also ensures fair payment when different government departments use these services.
304. Contracting authority and avoidance of duplication Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section authorizes the Under Secretary to use contract mechanisms for partnering with private sector entities and stresses avoiding duplication with other agencies. It mandates coordination to prevent overlapping efforts and ensures fair compensation for data services used by Federal agencies.
304. Data assimilation, management, and sharing practices Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The bill section establishes guidelines for managing and sharing weather data, emphasizing open standards and the use of cloud technology. It also involves collaborations with academic institutions and federal agencies to improve data practices through research and innovation, ensures secure and effective data handling, and mandates a study to enhance data management at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Money References
- In conducting the study, the outside entity shall— “(A) assess the costs and benefits of current data management needs for observational and operational mission requirements; “(B) develop recommendations regarding how to make more robust and cost-effective the data portfolio of the Administration; “(C) identify data infrastructure technologies and needs that are essential to the performance of modeling systems of the Administration; “(D) assess the sharing needs and practices of the Administration for both internal and external sharing dissemination; and “(E) develop recommendations for methods of data infrastructure sharing, including data purchased from the commercial sector. “(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—From amounts authorized to be appropriated to the Commercial Data Program under section 302, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the study under paragraph (1) $1,000,000, to remain available until expended.”.
305. Data assimilation, management, and sharing practices Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines strategies for improving data handling within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), focusing on establishing open data standards, partnering with other federal agencies, and enhancing data assimilation techniques. It proposes creating a consortium with universities to tackle data assimilation research challenges and mandates a study to assess NOAA's current data management practices, with funding allocated from related programs.
Money References
- (2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—From amounts authorized to be appropriated to the Commercial Data Program under section 302, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the study under paragraph (1) $1,000,000, to remain available until expended. ---
305. Clerical amendment Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The document updates the table of contents in a part of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 by replacing some listed items with new ones, specifically detailing sections about different commercial data programs and how data is handled and shared.
401. Definitions Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section provides definitions for several terms related to weather events and technology, including "hazardous weather or water events," "institution of higher education," "NOAA Weather Radio," "public cloud," and "watch; warning." Some definitions reference other legislation for their meaning.
402. Hazardous weather or water event risk communication Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section of the bill focuses on improving how the risks associated with hazardous weather or water events are communicated to the public. It requires the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to simplify and enhance these communications, develop better methods and terminology through a dedicated program, and coordinate efforts with various partners to ensure information is timely, clear, and consistent across different platforms.
406. Hazardous weather or water event risk communication Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
In this section, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is tasked with improving communication about dangerous weather or water conditions to help prevent loss of life or property. The plan includes simplifying terms, enhancing communication methods, creating metrics for evaluation, and coordinating with various partners to ensure timely and clear alerts for the public.
403. Hazard communication research and engagement Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The bill section establishes a program to improve how risk-based hazard information is communicated during hazardous weather events, like tornadoes and hurricanes. It includes research and pilot programs to test communication methods, addresses issues such as language barriers, and aims to understand how different groups respond to forecasts and warnings.
404. National Weather Service communications improvement Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Director of the National Weather Service is required to enhance its instant messaging service, replacing "NWSChat" with a commercial solution by October 1, 2027. This new service must be cloud-based, support future growth and more users, be user-friendly, and be similar to existing commercial systems, with up to $3 million available annually from 2024 to 2027 for this purpose.
Money References
- (b) Requirements.—The communications solution implemented under this section shall— (1) be hosted on the public cloud; and (2) satisfy requirements set forth by the Director to ensure such solution— (A) best accommodates future growth; (B) performs successfully with increased numbers of users; (C) is easy to use for the majority of users; and (D) is similar to systems already in commercial use. (c) Funding.—From amounts made available for Operations, Research, and Facilities, the Director of the National Weather Service shall allocate up to $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2027 to carry out this section.
405. NOAA Weather Radio modernization Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The text outlines efforts to modernize and expand the NOAA Weather Radio service. The Under Secretary is tasked with enhancing coverage, particularly in rural and underserved areas, ensuring reliable operations, upgrading technological infrastructure, and assessing access needs, all while prioritizing accessibility and continuity in case of service outages.
406. Post-storm surveys and assessments Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary is required to perform surveys and assessments after significant hazardous weather or water events to collect and share data. These actions aim to improve data collection methods, enhance community impact studies, include community-based sciences in assessments, and support the well-being of employees involved in these activities. Data from the surveys should be made publicly available, and certain federal information collection rules do not apply during these surveys.
407. Government Accountability Office report on alert dissemination for hazardous weather or water events Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Government Accountability Office is required to submit a report to Congress within 540 days that evaluates the technology used by the National Weather Service for issuing alerts about dangerous weather or water conditions. The report will cover aspects like the system's capabilities, issues with delays, potential collaborations to speed up notifications, and how these systems vary in effectiveness, especially in rural areas.
408. Data collection management and protection Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Under Secretary is authorized to collect and manage social, behavioral, and economic data about how people respond to hazardous weather or water situations, while protecting this data according to legal guidelines. They must also create a system to ensure the data is secure, use digital watermarks to prevent unauthorized changes to online notifications, and establish guidelines for gathering and protecting data about community responses to such events.
501. Weather and climate information in agriculture and water management Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The bill amends the Food Security Act to establish at least two pilot projects aimed at improving weather forecasts for water management in the western U.S. and agriculture in the central U.S., with a focus on enhancing the accuracy of precipitation predictions. It allocates $45 million annually from 2024 to 2028 for these projects, which will be conducted in collaboration with educational institutions and existing NOAA entities, and the projects will end five years after they begin.
Money References
- “(4) SUNSET.—The authority under this subsection shall terminate on the date that is five years after the date of the enactment of this subsection.”; and (2) by amending subsection (j) to read as follows: “(j) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated $45,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out the activities under this section.”. ---
502. National Integrated Drought Information System Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section amends the National Integrated Drought Information System Act of 2006 to improve drought research and response by incorporating new technologies like artificial intelligence, enhancing data networks, providing integrated soil moisture information, and authorizing specific funding amounts for 2024 to 2028. It also aims to improve drought forecasts by updating modeling practices in collaboration with relevant agencies.
Money References
- (a) In general.—Section 3 of the National Integrated Drought Information System Act of 2006 (15 U.S.C. 313d) is amended— (1) in subsection (b)— (A) in paragraph (1)— (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking “and” after the semicolon; (ii) in subparagraph (B), by inserting “and” after the semicolon; and (iii) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: “(C) incorporates flash drought research and tools to enhance timely response;”; (B) in paragraph (5), by striking “and” after the semicolon; (C) in paragraph (6)— (i) by inserting “(including ecological drought)” after “drought” each place it appears; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs: “(7) advance and deploy next generation technologies related to drought and related publicly available data, such as monitoring, preparedness, and forecasting capabilities utilizing artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud technologies; and “(8) utilize observational networks, including the National Weather Service cooperative observer program and State or regional hydrological monitoring projects, and refine drought indicators across a variety of spatial and temporal scales for decision-support products by optimizing data and resources from across the Federal Government, including snowpack, soil moisture, groundwater, and rapid intensification data.”; (2) in subsection (c)— (A) in paragraph (2), by striking “and” after the semicolon; (B) in paragraph (3), by striking the period and inserting “; and”; and (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: “(4) in partnership with the National Mesonet Program, establish memoranda of understanding to provide coordinated, high-quality, nationwide drought information for the public good, including integrated soil moisture information in accordance with the 2021 report, ‘A Strategy for the National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network’.”; and (3) by amending subsection (f) to read as follows: “(f) Modeling update.—The Under Secretary, in partnership with National Integrated Drought Information System and the Climate Prediction Center of the National Weather Service, shall undertake an effort to transition existing drought products to probabilistic forecasts and incorporate new and improved dynamical and statistical forecast modeling tools.”. (b) Authorization of appropriations.—Section 4 of the National Integrated Drought Information System Act of 2006 (15 U.S.C. 313d note) is amended to read as follows: “SEC. 4. Authorization of appropriations. “From amounts made available to Operations, Research, and Facilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section the following: “(1) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2024. “(2) $15,500,000 for fiscal year 2025. “(3) $16,000,000 for fiscal year 2026. “(4) $16,500,000 for fiscal year 2027. “(5) $17,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.”. ---
4. Authorization of appropriations Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section authorizes specific amounts of money to be set aside each year from 2024 to 2028 for the operations, research, and facilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The appropriations start at $15 million in 2024 and increase by $500,000 each year, reaching $17 million in 2028.
Money References
- From amounts made available to Operations, Research, and Facilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section the following: (1) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2024. (2) $15,500,000 for fiscal year 2025. (3) $16,000,000 for fiscal year 2026. (4) $16,500,000 for fiscal year 2027. (5) $17,000,000 for fiscal year 2028. ---
503. National Mesonet Program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The National Mesonet Program, overseen by the Under Secretary, aims to enhance weather prediction and safety by integrating environmental data from various sources, including commercial, academic, and non-Federal networks. The program will improve environmental observations, prioritize financial assistance to diverse entities, and maintain an advisory committee for expert guidance on expanding and improving data collection, with annual funding increasing from $50 million in 2024 to $70 million by 2028.
Money References
- Such briefings shall include information relating to the following: (1) Efforts to implement the activities described in subsection (b). (2) Any financial or technical assistance provided pursuant to subsection (c). (3) Efforts to address recommendations received from the advisory committee under subsection (d). (4) The potential need and associated benefits of a coastal and ocean mesonet, or other emerging areas of weather data needs. (5) Progress toward eliminating gaps in weather observation data by States and regions of the United States. (6) Any other topic the Under Secretary determines relevant. (f) Authorization of appropriations.—From amounts made available to the National Weather Service, the Under Secretary, to carry out this section, shall allocate up to the following amounts for each specified fiscal year: (1) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2024. (2) $55,000,000 for fiscal year 2025. (3) $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026. (4) $68,000,000 for fiscal year 2027. (5) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2028. ---
504. National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section outlines the responsibilities of the Under Secretary to manage the National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network with various federal agencies. It details efforts such as creating a user-friendly website, establishing data quality standards, expanding monitoring stations, supporting research, collaborating with private and citizen science sectors, and developing new soil moisture data products.
505. National water center Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The amendment to Section 301 of the Coordinated Ocean Observations and Research Act of 2020 involves integrating the National Water Center with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction to enhance services for River Forecast Centers and coordinate water research with various federal agencies. Additionally, it allocates $46 million annually from 2024 to 2028 for these activities.
Money References
- Section 301 of the Coordinated Ocean Observations and Research Act of 2020 (42 U.S.C. 10371) is amended— (1) in subsection (a)— (A) in paragraph (1)(A)— (i) in the matter preceding clause (i), by inserting “as a component of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction” after “center”; (ii) in clause (i), by striking “and” after the semicolon; (iii) in clause (ii), by striking the period and inserting “; and”; and (iv) by adding at the end the following new clause: “(iii) to provide service backup capabilities and additional mission support services for River Forecast Centers.”; and (B) in paragraph (2), by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: “(F) Serving as the primary Center for collaboration and coordination of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s water research and operational activities with existing Federal centers and networks, including the Department of Agriculture, the Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the United States Geological Survey, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.”; (2) by striking subsection (b) and redesignating subsections (c) through (e) as subsections (b) through (d) respectively; and (3) by amending subsection (c), as so redesignated, to read as follows: “(c) Authorization of appropriations.—There is authorized to be appropriated $46,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out this section.”. ---
506. Satellite transfers report Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Secretary of Commerce must submit a report within 180 days of this Act's enactment, detailing the authorities and policies around transferring weather satellite systems to other federal agencies. This report should explain the process for decommissioning satellites, any existing or planned agreements for transferring satellite systems, and any plans for future transfers.
507. Precipitation forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The Precipitation Forecast Improvement Program aims to enhance the accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of predicting precipitation events by developing advanced models and integrating innovative observational data. The program involves collaboration between government agencies, the weather industry, and academia, with goals that include improving understanding of extreme weather, advancing operational forecast systems, and supporting public safety through effective communication and decision support tools.
603. Precipitation forecast improvement program Read Opens in new tab
Summary AI
The section describes a program aimed at improving precipitation forecasts by the Under Secretary, in collaboration with various partners. The program's goal is to enhance the accuracy and reliability of precipitation predictions to reduce risks associated with extreme weather, with efforts focused on understanding weather systems, integrating new technologies, researching physical and social sciences, and improving the resources and tools available for weather forecasting.